Everything about Reflexive Monism totally explained
Monism is the view that the universe, at the deepest level of analysis, is one thing or composed of one fundamental kind of stuff. This is usually contrasted with
Substance Dualism, the view found for example in the writings of
Plato and
Descartes that, fundamentally, the universe is composed of two kinds of stuff, physical stuff and the stuff of
soul,
mind or
consciousness.
Reflexive Monism, a
philosophical position developed by
Max Velmans to account for the problems of consciousness in his book
Understanding Consciousness, is a modern version of an ancient view that the basic stuff of which the universe is composed has the potential to manifest both physically and as conscious experience (a dual-aspect theory in the tradition of
Spinoza).
In its evolution from some primal undifferentiated state, the universe differentiates into distinguishable physical entities, at least some of which have the potential for conscious experience, such as
human beings. While remaining embedded within and dependent on the surrounding universe and composed of the same fundamental stuff, each human, equipped with perceptual and
cognitive systems has an individual perspective on, or view of, both the rest of the universe and him or her self. In this sense, each human participates in a process whereby the universe differentiates into parts and becomes conscious in manifold ways of itself, making the entire process reflexive. Similar views are found, for example, in later
Vedic writings such as the
Upanishads.
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